Chosen for their contrasting contexts as a transition economy in Eastern Europe and a large middle-income country in the Mediterranean, Moldova and Turkey provide insight into how GEF support performs under different national circumstances.

This report synthesizes the country portfolio evaluations of both Moldova (US$21.72 million) and Turkey (US$36.33 million), using the country as the unit of analysis to assess GEF support across all Agencies and programs. Across both countries, GEF support aligned with national priorities and the GEF mandate, but land degradation received limited attention.

Biodiversity results remain modest as institutional and socioeconomic constraints slow implementation, while climate change work shows early promise and planned investments could deepen results.

International waters engagement strengthened regional cooperation, although water quality improvements require more time and stronger dissemination and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practice.

The report recommends increasing operational focal point involvement in M&E, strengthening M&E of enabling activities, and encouraging Agencies to promote up-scaling with partner governments.