Adaptation in least developed countries depends not only on identified priorities but also on how quickly and reliably finance can be mobilized.

This joint evaluation by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Evaluation Department and the GEF IEO assessed the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) in supporting climate change adaptation under the UNFCCC. Covering 41 National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) through portfolio review, case studies, and stakeholder consultations, it finds that the LDCF financed NAPA preparation and raised national awareness of adaptation needs, with priorities often focused on food security, ecosystems, and water.

However, access to finance for implementation has been slow and complex, with unpredictable voluntary contributions limiting scale and timeliness. Many NAPAs gave limited attention to cross-sectoral issues, gender-differentiated vulnerability, or long-term institutional capacity, and reliance on consultants weakened national ownership.

Stakeholders supported continuation of the Fund but stressed the need for simpler procedures, stronger capacity development, and closer alignment with other adaptation finance.

The report recommends streamlining access, ensuring predictable replenishment, and enhancing gender and institutional considerations within the evolving climate finance architecture.